비트 연산자

비트 연산자를 사용하면 정수 내의 특정 비트를 평가하고 조작할 수 있습니다.

비트 연산자

Example	Name	Result
`$a & $b`	And	Bits that are set in both `$a` and `$b` are set.
`$a \| $b`	Or (inclusive or)	Bits that are set in either `$a` or `$b` are set.
`$a ^ $b`	Xor (exclusive or)	Bits that are set in `$a` or `$b` but not both are set.
`~ $a`	Not	Bits that are set in `$a` are not set, and vice versa.
`$a << $b`	Shift left	Shift the bits of `$a` `$b` steps to the left (each step means "multiply by two")
`$a >> $b`	Shift right	Shift the bits of `$a` `$b` steps to the right (each step means "divide by two")

PHP에서 비트 시프팅은 산술적입니다. 양쪽 끝에서 벗어난 비트는 버려집니다. 왼쪽 시프트는 0이 오른쪽으로 시프트된 반면 부호 비트는 왼쪽으로 시프트되어 피연산자의 부호가 보존되지 않음을 의미합니다. 오른쪽 시프트는 왼쪽으로 시프트된 부호 비트의 복사본을 가지므로 피연산자의 부호가 보존됩니다.

괄호를 사용하여 원하는 우선 순위를 확인하십시오. 예를 들어, $a & $b == true는 동등성을 평가한 다음 비트 단위로 평가하고; while ($a & $b) == true는 비트 단위로 평가한 다음 동등성을 평가합니다.

&에 대해 두 피연산자가 모두 있는 경우 | 및 ^ 연산자가 문자열이면 문자열을 구성하는 문자의 ASCII 값에 대해 연산이 수행되고 결과는 문자열이 됩니다. 다른 모든 경우에는 두 피연산자가 모두 정수로 변환되고 결과는 정수가 됩니다.

~ 연산자의 피연산자가 문자열이면 문자열을 구성하는 문자의 ASCII 값에 대해 연산이 수행되고 결과는 문자열이 됩니다. 그렇지 않으면 피연산자와 결과는 정수로 처리됩니다.

<< 및 >> 연산자에 대한 피연산자와 결과는 항상 정수로 처리됩니다.

PHP's error_reporting ini setting uses bitwise values,
providing a real-world demonstration of turning
bits off. To show all errors, except for notices,
the php.ini file instructions say to use:
E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE

This works by starting with E_ALL:
00000000000000000111011111111111
Then taking the value of E_NOTICE...
00000000000000000000000000001000
... and inverting it via ~:
11111111111111111111111111110111
Finally, it uses AND (&) to find the bits turned
on in both values:
00000000000000000111011111110111

Another way to accomplish that is using XOR (^)
to find bits that are on in only one value or the other:
E_ALL ^ E_NOTICE

error_reporting can also be used to demonstrate turning bits on.
The way to show just errors and recoverable errors is:
E_ERROR | E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR

This process combines E_ERROR
00000000000000000000000000000001
and
00000000000000000001000000000000
using the OR (|) operator
to get the bits turned on in either value:
00000000000000000001000000000001

예제 #1 정수에 대한 비트 AND, OR 및 XOR 연산

                  
<?php
/*
 * Ignore the top section,
 * it is just formatting to make output clearer.
 */

$format = '(%1$2d = %1$04b) = (%2$2d = %2$04b)'
        . ' %3$s (%4$2d = %4$04b)' . "\n";

echo <<<EOH
 ---------     ---------  -- ---------
 result        value      op test
 ---------     ---------  -- ---------
EOH;


/*
 * Here are the examples.
 */

$values = array(0, 1, 2, 4, 8);
$test = 1 + 4;

echo "\n Bitwise AND \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
    $result = $value & $test;
    printf($format, $result, $value, '&', $test);
}

echo "\n Bitwise Inclusive OR \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
    $result = $value | $test;
    printf($format, $result, $value, '|', $test);
}

echo "\n Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR) \n";
foreach ($values as $value) {
    $result = $value ^ $test;
    printf($format, $result, $value, '^', $test);
}
?>

위의 예는 다음을 출력합니다.

---------     ---------  -- ---------
result        value      op test
---------     ---------  -- ---------
Bitwise AND
( 0 = 0000) = ( 0 = 0000) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 1 = 0001) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 2 = 0010) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 4 = 0100) & ( 5 = 0101)
( 0 = 0000) = ( 8 = 1000) & ( 5 = 0101)

Bitwise Inclusive OR
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 1 = 0001) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) | ( 5 = 0101)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 4 = 0100) | ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) | ( 5 = 0101)

Bitwise Exclusive OR (XOR)
( 5 = 0101) = ( 0 = 0000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 4 = 0100) = ( 1 = 0001) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 7 = 0111) = ( 2 = 0010) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
( 1 = 0001) = ( 4 = 0100) ^ ( 5 = 0101)
(13 = 1101) = ( 8 = 1000) ^ ( 5 = 0101)

예제 #2 문자열에 대한 비트 XOR 연산

                  
<?php
echo 12 ^ 9; // Outputs '5'

echo "12" ^ "9"; // Outputs the Backspace character (ascii 8)
                 // ('1' (ascii 49)) ^ ('9' (ascii 57)) = #8

echo "hallo" ^ "hello"; // Outputs the ascii values #0 #4 #0 #0 #0
                        // 'a' ^ 'e' = #4

echo 2 ^ "3"; // Outputs 1
              // 2 ^ ((int)"3") == 1

echo "2" ^ 3; // Outputs 1
              // ((int)"2") ^ 3 == 1
?>

예제 #3 정수에 대한 비트 시프팅

                  
<?php
/*
 * Here are the examples.
 */

echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = 4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = 4;
$places = 4;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond 0');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'copy of sign bit shifted into left side');

$val = -4;
$places = 2;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'bits shift out right side');

$val = -4;
$places = 3;
$res = $val >> $places;
p($res, $val, '>>', $places, 'same result as above; can not shift beyond -1');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = 4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 4;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'sign bits get shifted out');

$val = 4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side');


echo "\n--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---\n";

$val = -4;
$places = 1;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'zeros fill in right side');

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 3;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places);

$val = -4;
$places = (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) - 2;
$res = $val << $places;
p($res, $val, '<<', $places, 'bits shift out left side, including sign bit');


/*
 * Ignore this bottom section,
 * it is just formatting to make output clearer.
 */

function p($res, $val, $op, $places, $note = '') {
    $format = '%0' . (PHP_INT_SIZE * 8) . "b\n";

    printf("Expression: %d = %d %s %d\n", $res, $val, $op, $places);

    echo " Decimal:\n";
    printf("  val=%d\n", $val);
    printf("  res=%d\n", $res);

    echo " Binary:\n";
    printf('  val=' . $format, $val);
    printf('  res=' . $format, $res);

    if ($note) {
        echo " NOTE: $note\n";
    }

    echo "\n";
}
?>

32비트 시스템에서 위 예제의 출력:

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=2
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000010
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111110
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=8
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000001000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 1073741824 = 4 << 28
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1073741824
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=01000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -2147483648 = 4 << 29
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=-2147483648
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=10000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 30
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=00000000000000000000000000000100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-8
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=11111111111111111111111111111000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -2147483648 = -4 << 29
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2147483648
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=10000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 30
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=11111111111111111111111111111100
  res=00000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

64비트 시스템에서 위 예제의 출력:

--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 2 = 4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=2
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000010
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: 1 = 4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=1
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: 0 = 4 >> 4
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond 0


--- BIT SHIFT RIGHT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -2 = -4 >> 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-2
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
 NOTE: copy of sign bit shifted into left side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 2
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: bits shift out right side

Expression: -1 = -4 >> 3
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-1
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
 NOTE: same result as above; can not shift beyond -1


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON POSITIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: 8 = 4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=8
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: 4611686018427387904 = 4 << 60
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=4611686018427387904
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = 4 << 61
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=-9223372036854775808
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: sign bits get shifted out

Expression: 0 = 4 << 62
 Decimal:
  val=4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side


--- BIT SHIFT LEFT ON NEGATIVE INTEGERS ---
Expression: -8 = -4 << 1
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-8
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111000
 NOTE: zeros fill in right side

Expression: -9223372036854775808 = -4 << 61
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=-9223372036854775808
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

Expression: 0 = -4 << 62
 Decimal:
  val=-4
  res=0
 Binary:
  val=1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111100
  res=0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
 NOTE: bits shift out left side, including sign bit

경고 PHP_INT_MAX 이상의 숫자에 대한 비트 조작을 위해 gmp 확장의 함수를 사용하십시오.

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